An Evaluation over the Movie V for Vendetta Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Conversely, both are deliberately differently taken. When V speaks to the nation, he addresses powerfully leaving the screen well balanced and clean. On the other hand, when chancellor sends his people, the shots are close-ups demonstrating worn out face and wrinkles, which signify the blemished old government he rules. Besides, his shots are displayed over and over from the angle that is lower to indicate that the camera was showing the subject (Moore). As such, it was planned to give his intimidating manifestation significance and a sense of power. The film is a political tool that can be used by current leaders to assert and learn. The leader is a dictator who does not condone any rival and is determined to silence anybody or anything that wants to ruin their mission to rule. He fronts himself to point of death in order to make the nation believe the government of the day is wrong in its dealings (Moore). Evey never believed or trusted him from the onset. It takes time and well c alculated steps from V to make her aware of the mission he was pursuing and join the conquest. V's utilization of the Guy Fawkes cover and persona works as both functional and typical components of the story. We will write a custom essay sample on An Evaluation over the Movie V for Vendetta or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now He wears the veil to shroud his physical scars, and in clouding his character, he turns into the thought itself. Note that the film's story and style mirror components wear veils to shroud his distortions, control others through the point of interest of his creative impulses, have appalling posts and are inspired by requital. V and Evey's relationship likewise parallels a number of the sentimental components show in affection stories where it starts start doubt and finishes with accept and some of the time lead to marriage (Moore). As a film about the battle in the middle of flexibility and the state, V for Vendetta takes the symbolism from numerous exemplary totalitarian symbols both true and anecdotal. For instance, Adam Sutler principally shows up on vast feature screens and pictures in individuals' homes, both basic peculiarities among present-day totalitarian administrations. The motto Quality through Unity is available in the film and at the outset appears a far experience yet finally comes to be fulfilled. Solidarity through Faith is shown noticeably crosswise over London. Flexibility from subjugation is the key thought passed forward by V to his companions and the swarm he figures out how to accumulate. There is additionally the state's utilization of mass observation, for example, shut circuit TV, on its nationals.

Sociological Theory Of Labelization - 967 Words

Maya Angelou once said, â€Å"people often put labels on people so they don’t have to deal with the physical fact of those people.† Angelou was addressing the actuality that labels are placed on individuals daily; these labels have an effect on self-perspective. The labeling theory was built on deviant behaviors; consequently, certain individuals are labeled for their behavior. The labeling theory occurs in everyday life through the act of labelization. This topic can be defined when labels are placed on certain individuals based on the individuals actions, views, or way of life. Labelization has existed throughout history and has been an evident stimulator in life, causing no surprise that labeling is the most influential motivator in human†¦show more content†¦Valuing others’ opinions of oneself can then drive an individuals own behavior by given labels. Through examination of the sociological effect on individuals, it can be determined that people ar e shaped by their environment; an environment in which labels are placed on individuals, consequently molding views. When the socialization process is not followed, deviance occurs. Deviance is the violation of social norms, negative or positive, which can create or affect labels; deviance has a direct correlation with the labelization process. Deviance has been awarded a negative connotation, which is undeserving (Henslin). An example of labeling caused by deviance in The Crucible would be the label placed on the women of Salem. Many women in Salem were labeled as witches due to revenge or their deviant actions. Sarah Good was labeled as a witch for her deviance in Salem society. Sarah Good would often sleep in random ditches and was known to be mentally unstable, due to this, she was assumed to be a witch (Miller). There was no evidence against Sarah Good besides her abnormalities when compared to the ideal Salem lifestyle, therefore proving the labeling theory. Another example of ongoing deviance in The Crucible would include the actions of John Proctor. Salem saw John Proctor as deviance due to John plowing on Sunday and not supporting Reverend Parris. Both of these actions were seen as

What is British Cinema Free Essays

string(97) " the social worker who was introduced by her mother to restart her schooling which she had left\." British cinema is the most respected industry in the world and has the impact on modern cinema. This industry is characterized by its constant debate about its distinctiveness which includes cultural and economic issues and the influence of American and European cinemas. The golden age of British cinema started in 1940 from the studios of Rank and Korda. We will write a custom essay sample on What is British Cinema? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This industry had given many actors, directors and many motion pictures (Curran and Porter, 1993). This paper covers certain aspects of British cinema industry and discusses two movies of the Drama genre released in 2009 and 2010. Both the movie is based on young generation that shows full of inspiration and enthusiasm for a particular dance form. The movies have been targeted to the youth and did good business. The movies also provided a good presentation of the present day’s culture in terms of settings, food, and clothing of characters, family types, issues faced by children in home and schools and others. These teenagers presented in this movie represent a different class of children altogether that have so much passion for their favorite art forms. In the recent past there have been lost of development in various forms of arts from music to dancing. Number of British, American, and Australian, Italian and many other singers and musicians are rocking the world with their music and the increased fan followings for these artists have increased. Teenagers are particularly inspired by them. The glamour of these arm forms attract millions to watch and perform. Discussion British cinema had faced the times of recession and boom. There are many factors which can be used to know the growth of this film industry. The growth can also be known by the number of movies produced. This cinema industry was boomed first time in 1910 but they again seen recession in 1920 just due to the competition with the US. The protective measures, which lead to the recovery and for the high production, Cinematograph Films Act 1927 has been launched in 1936 Curran and Porter, 1993. As British cinema was just got recovered from the first waves of recession, it was hit by other recession waves in mid of 1970. This continued till 1980’s. Due to renewal of private and public investment, British cinema again got recovered in 1990’s. There were some movies produced during recession like Chariots of Fire (1981), which was the successful movie. Like this movie they have released many other movies and they were successful too. British industries have also launched the better technologies to edit the movie and now the movies are releasing in better picture quality. The movies have got worldwide success and these movies earn much higher as they have good picture quality, sound and the storyline like historical, cultural and artistic dimensions. These movies are also well known due to the educational behavior as these movies have some moral into it (Murphy, 2009). Many movies were produced in 2000’s but there were some movies which were highly appreciated by the viewers. Two of the movies are Fish Tank (2009) and Nowhere Boy (2009), which are from the same genre (drama) but the movies are based on the lives of teenage. Movie 1: Fish Tank (2009) Fish Tank is the movie which is based on the life of a teenage girl who got influenced by the street dancers and describes their dancing as being horrible. In this movie, Mia who is just 15 years old girl and living with her mother and sister on Essex Council Estate. She never go out of her estate as she was secured in her house because as she move out, the authorities starts troubling her and that’s why she had left her schooling. She just drinks cider most of the times, in her house. She only came out of her house when she does the street dancing otherwise she remain in her lonely flat and practice inside the house only. Once when she was roaming around in her estate, she saw a horse which was trying to get free but the horse was unable to get free. She found it painful and brought the hammer to help the horse but she faced the anger of its three owners. Two of the owners have grabbed her to stop her but she get away from them after struggling with them. She got free just because of the dog of Mr. Billy, the third owner of the horse and explained everything to Mia. He told her that the horse is not thin but it is ill and it is in its last stage. After this meet they both have became friends. Connor, Mia’s mother’s boyfriend, while preparing the tea in the kitchen, interacted with Mia regarding the music video that Mia was watching. Connor works as the security guard in the hardware store and wanted to be a father figure for the two children. Connor always carries Mia to her room and also removes shoes and put blanket on her. Mia’s mother, Joanne, was enthusiastic as when she asked for the trip, both of the girls got ready to attend her mother and Tyler had shown much interest. When they were on trip, Connor asked about the animal and played the songs of California Dreaming. Mia always tried to impress Connor as when he was catching fish she helped him and also when her mother got hurt in the river, Connor avoided Joanne to give a piggy-back ride to Mia. Mia was slowly attracting towards Connor and she was having some thought in her mind related to Connor. She reacts angrily with the Connor and due to which Connor came to know that she is the witness of the intercourse between him and Mia’s mother. Connor borrowed the camera and gave that to Mia as she wants to go for the auditions of the local dance. In between that time Mia came across the social worker who was introduced by her mother to restart her schooling which she had left. You read "What is British Cinema?" in category "Papers" But Mia refused to go and had a drink from kitchen and went out of house. She had seen the video on street dancing on YouTube and took the help of Billy to search the car parts to buy the alcohol for her self. After she sent her video, she received the call for the audition. When they were celebrating by having the drink, Connor asked Mia to show her dance steps. She performed on California dreaming and was asked by Connor to sit along with him. As Joanne went upstairs, Connor and Mia had sex and then he was embarrassed by the thing he had done with Mia. So he told her not to reveal the secret to Joanne. The very next day she came to know from her mother and Tyler that Connor had left and Mia knows the place where she can find Connor. Mia found him in his house in Tilbury and talked with him so he told her that he is unable to go back again to her mother which directly indicates that he doesn’t even want to meet Mia again. She didn’t made any issue of the age difference but Connor given her money before the goodbye kissing and left her to the station to get herself back home. She wasn’t ready to back her home but she again reached to the Connor’s home from the back window and entered into it as she found it empty. In Connor’s house, she came to know that Connor is married and also he’s having the daughter named, Keira and she had a call of nature over there on the floor. Mia then came out of the house and made a move but she have seen Keira playing on her scooter, also she convinced Keira to set off across the field along with her that she’ll give her an ice-cream as told by the Keira’s mother to Mia. Keira started kicking Mia as they were running through the field and approaching towards river. As Keira became upset, then she started troubling Mia, and as Mia got frustrated, she pushed her and Keira fallen down into the river. Then Mia saved Keira with the help of the Branch of the tree otherwise Keira might have drawn completely. After saving Keira, they both returned back towards the home as the Keira was wet and feeling cold too. Then in between their way to home, Connor arrived and slapped Mia and pushes back her. He then took Keira and drive back towards the home. Many days have been passed and then Mia came to the audition for which she had been called and seen the exotic dancer performing. Her turn came and she came on stage and music started. Then she had seen the fellow semi-nude auditionees and she walked off from the stage and went out to find Billy. She came to know that the horse which she cared for was dead and started weeping. Then Billy came and tried to stop her weeping and ask her to accompany him as he was leaving for Cardiff. Mia got ready and packed her bags and after having a dance with her mother and sister on the song â€Å"Life is a Bitch and then you die†, she went off. While she was leaving her mother didn’t reacted as she said good bye and then she sat with Billy and drive away for the new life. The movie is full of drama and sequence of events that keeps the interest of audiences. Mia in the Fish Tank is struggling with her own emotions, desires and issues of morality. The climax of the movie is a mixer of the feelings where in one hand she leaves the audition that was for erotic dancer, her favourite horse dies and she decides to move ahead to explore better opportunity and before that she enjoys with her family. Movie 2 Another movie which was also based on the same genre was â€Å"Nowhere Boy†. In this movie a teenage boy, Johnson, got success just because of his aunt and uncle. His aunt, Mimi, who is loving, inspirational and reserved kind of woman while her husband, George, is companion for the lively and intelligent boy. John was overwhelmed, when her uncle died due to cancer. During the funeral, John met his cousin Stan who showed him the place where his mother lives and was shocked that the house is nearby to his aunt’s and there he met Julia. Julia was fun loving girl whereas her aunt was strict. Julia’s clothes and her hair have the matching which work as the attraction for John towards Julia. The relationship became deeper between Julia and John which was unfair to Mimi. Julia teaches John to play Banjo and also introduced him to â€Å"Rock n Roll†. Mimi unknowingly bought a guitar for John and due to which he failed to improve in the school and was suspended. Then he moved along with Julia to her home where he met with Bobby. In that night he heard Julia and Bobby’s conversation with which he recognized that Julia is soft hearted and next day she again moved back to her aunt’s house. Then he met with the young guitarist who just looks like a twelve years old kid but he can play the guitar better than any other band. They started the rehearsals together and the band also started creating buzz. Soon he started getting fame and he enjoyed that. Then on Julia’s birthday, he met her after a long time span and found out the truth that why he got irritated in his life. And after that his life started moving smoothly and he got success to every point. The movie shows the struggle of the teenager to deal with the past and move ahead with life. The events and the presentation of events have been very impressive in entire movie. In both the movies, the main aspect was to show the life of the teenage girl and a boy that how the society deals with. In Fish Tank, Mia was the girl who got admired by the street dancers who were performing and in Nowhere Boy also, John got admired from the guitarist who can be able to play much better than the band. And in both the movies, director had shown clearly that the future is influenced by the past. So Mia got tensed in the movie Fish Tank as she heard that Connor had left them and in Nowhere Boy, John was also got irritated due to his past. These movies was generally built for the young generation people as they already have pressure of studies and their hobbies and what they want to be in their life. Society also provide pressure to them which result in making pressure in the mind of the child and due to this many children left studying and they got distracted from their hobbies too. Reference British Film Industry available at http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2003/british_film_industry/default. stm Curran and Porter, 1993 British Cinema History, London: Weidenfeld Nicholson 9-23 Murphy, R. ed. , 2009 The British Cinema Book, London: BFI, 1-64, 65-142 Fish Tank official website http://www. michaelfassbender. org/episodesfte. html http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/hr/film-reviews/fish-tank-film-review-1003973214. story Image Fish Tank from http://www. movieroar. com/images/fish-tankpster1. jpg Nowhere Boy Movie Review http://www. futuremovies. co. uk/review. asp? ID=1110 No Where Boy movie details available at http://www. nowhereboy. co. uk/ http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/hr/film-reviews/nowhere-boy-film-review-1004031851. story How to cite What is British Cinema?, Papers

Baron Case free essay sample

Ivan and Frederick genuflected and withdrew from the Great Hall, taking with them the things provided by the Baron. The summer came and went, and after the harvest Ivan and Frederick returned to the Great Hall to account to their master for the things given to them in the spring. Ivan said, â€Å"My Lord, I present you with a slightly used ox, a plow, broken beyond repair, and 223 bushels of wheat. We will write a custom essay sample on Baron Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I, unfortunately, owe Feyador the Plowmaker three bushels of wheat for the plow I got from him last spring. And, as you might expect, I used all the fertiliser and seed you have me last spring.You will also remember, my Lord, that you took 20 bushels of my harvest for your own personal use. † Frederick spoke next. â€Å"Here, my Lord, is a partially used ox, the plow, for which I gave Feyador the Plowmaker 3 bushels of wheat from my harvest, and 105 bushels of wheat. I, too, used all my seed and fertiliser last spring. Also, my Lord, you took 30 bushels of wheat several days ago for your own table. I believe the plow is good for two more seasons. † â€Å"You did well,† said the Baron. Blessed with this benediction, the two peasants departed. After they had taken their leave, the Baron began to contemplate what had happened. â€Å"Yes,† he thought, â€Å"they did well, but I wonder which one did better? † Required: A. For each farmer prepare a report showing: (a) the position at the beginning of the growing season; (b) the position at the end of the growing season; (c) the profit/loss earned for the growing season. B. Make a note of any assumptions and concepts you had to consider when preparing your answer in part A. C. Which peasant was the better farmer? Consider qualitative factors as well as quantitative factors?

Charles Vs Position In The Martin Luther Trial Essays - Charles V

Charles V's Position In The Martin Luther Trial In the early 1500s, Martin Luther began to oppose and reform against the Holy Roman Catholic Church because he disagreed with many of their ideas and beliefs. For instance, the Church believed that the only way to be saved was through elaborate ceremonies while Luther thought that a strong inner faith in God was all that was needed for redemption. The Emperor at this time, Charles V, was very powerful and held a strong faith in the Catholic way of life. He, of course, disagreed with Martin Luther and felt that he was hurting the public by tempting them with new ways of prayer. In 1521, Charles gave the reformist a trial in hope of getting him back down. During this trial, called the diet of Worms, Luther was asked to explain his views and ordered to recant. Martin Luther was strong, though, and would not back down to the Emperor or the Church. After seeing that Luther could not be weakened, Charles banned him from the German town and named him an outlaw. At this time, France took arms against Charles, so his attention was drawn away from Martin Luther and other internal affairs. After the war, Charles began to see another religious problem: the spread of Ottoman Turks. Because the Protestants and Turks were overrunning his country, it became obvious to Charles that he had to give in a little to restore peace. In 1532, the Peace of Nuremberg granted Protestants some liberties. Then in 1552, the Peace of Passau was released, which allowed the Lutheran states to exercise their religion. In 1555 the Peace of Ausburg reaffirmed this treaty. Emperor Charles V held strong religious beliefs that he wanted his people to obey, and was willing to contend for them. There is only so much a man can take, though, and the emperor had to retreat. So he gave the Protestants what they wanted, and gave himself a break, by retiring the thrown to his brother Ferdinand in 1558. History

Beowulf An epic Hero essays

Beowulf An epic Hero essays The epic poem Beowulf describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. The hero, Beowulf, is a seemingly invincible person with all the extraordinary traits required of a hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself. He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts but he never fears the threat of death. His leadership skills are superb and he is even able to boast about all his achievements. Beowulf is the ultimate epic hero who risks his life countless times for immortal glory and for the Beowulf is a hero in the eyes of his fellow men through his amazing physical strength. He fought in numerous battles and returned victorious from all but his last. In his argument with Unferth, Beowulf explains the reason he "lost" a simple swimming match with his youthful opponent Brecca. Not only had Beowulf been swimming for seven nights, he had also stopped to kill nine sea creatures in the depths of the ocean. Beowulf is also strong enough to kill the monster Grendel, who has been terrorizing the Danes for twelve years, with his bare hands by ripping off his arm. When Beowulf is fighting Grendel's mother, who is seeking revenge on her son's death, he is able to slay her by slashing the monster's neck with a Giant's sword that can only be lifted by a person as strong as Beowulf. When he chops off her head, he carries it from the ocean with ease, but it takes four men to lift and carry it back to Herot mead-hall. This strength is a key trait of Beowulf's heroism. Another heroic trait of Beowulf is his ability to put his peoples welfare before his own. Beowulf's uncle is king of the Geats so he is sent as an emissary to help rid the Danes of the evil Grendel. Beowulf risks his own life for the Danes, asking help from no one. He realizes the dangers but fears nothing for his own ...

Popular culture 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Popular culture 5 - Assignment Example Hip hop culture was extended beyond music to include films including Wild Style and Style Wars; a documentary made in 1983 on the hip hop culture. Style Wars captured the essence of the ramshackle subway system in New York as public playground of the graffiti writers, spectacular artistic canvas, and battleground. While the New York Transit Authority and the police opposed them by all means, the city was rocked by the DJs, MCs, and B-boys whose new moves, new sounds, and breakdance battles around the street corners catalyzed the evolution of a new dimension of performance arts (â€Å"The Original Style†). These films particularly helped expand the hip hop culture’s appeal beyond New York. The hip hop culture was omnipresent in the performing arts of the 1980s and the 1990s because young Black Americans, who were freshly coming out of the civil rights movement saw it as a way of demonstrating the limitations of the movement to the wider world. The conservatives vigorously opposed hip hop because it romanticized law-breaking, the culture of gangs, and violence. Hip hop expanded beyond boundaries in the 1990s (Katz 180). It had become practically synonymous with the culture of American youth especially because it was loved by the legions of the white youth. â€Å"White fans no longer listen to hip-hop on the sly or surreptitiously rhyme in front of the mirror; they form bands and rhyme on MTV† (Aaron). The underlying connotations of the growing hip hop culture was the growing influence of Black Americans on the culture and media of America. Hip hop music culture of the 1980s and 1990s lent Black Americans their unique identity in media and literature and served as a platform for them to portray their concerns to the society and the world at

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Criminal Justice - Essay Example Having in mind that there are many thoughts and perspectives on different theories that describe what contributes and constitutes to criminal behavior, psychopathic murderers should not face harsh judgments. The criminal justice practitioners in this case may have many special skills that allow them operate under any form of pressure, which does not happen due to the high levels of corruption. Such murderers hardly know what they are doing and it is the responsibility of the society to try to eliminate their chances of killing people since psychopathic murderers lack the capacity to control their behavior (Siegel, 2006). Traditional thinking inhibits change in the criminal justice and I believe that the current criminal justice should spare such murderers. In order for this to happen, command structures must get the priority for notable change to occur. Having talks with the community members are also, ways that the criminal justice practitioners seek to enhance their participation i n the policymaking and through such psychopathic murders can reduce (Siegel, 2006). When it comes to Schoenthaler’s study on diet and crime, I do not think there is any relationship between the two unless the study argued based on diet that may cause mental health problems. Previously, analysts have only been in a position use the previous cases in any situation to combine it with any public information to make crucial decisions unlike in other stages and at no one time did they have anything related to both crime and diet. Without understanding diet and crime, same mistakes would keep repeating, themselves where analysts will come up with all sorts of theories to relate crime o diet or vice versa. Diet only helps people to make guidance on the activities related to the body. On the other hand, diet can course crime where people commit crimes to get food for their families. In such a case, I totally agree with schoenthaler’s study on diet and crime (Siegel, 2006).

Law Task Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Law Task - Essay Example The third element to be used by Jigger on building his case is that while Frankie was taking his ipod, he used violence or threat to violence. To consider the concept of threat, the law makes emphasis on â€Å"presence†. The property must be in the presence of the victim so that it may be proven that in deed the victim was in apposition of defending his property were it not that violence was used or threat to the violence was used, then the victim would have been in a position to defend the property. 2In this case Jigger was with his property, which means that had it not been that Frankie used threat to violence, he would not have given away his ipod. It should be noted that the concept violence, needs not physical injury or physical contact being made. Had it been that Frankie grabbed the ipod from Jiggers hand, then the court would be able to charge Frankie with robbery with violence. The case of against Frankie falls under two circumstances. While Frankie would argue that he only hit Jigger after he had taken the ipod, Jigger would argue that at the point of taking of the ipod, Frankie had used threat in the case he did not cooperate. At this point, the case of robbery shall have been built strongly. In the next instance, Jigger would file for the case against Frankie to be just violence. There is no certainty that the action of violence directed to Jigger by Frankie was to facilitate the taking of Jigger’s property. This is because by the time violence was being committed, Frankie already had the ipod. Jigger therefore must file the violence case against Frankie separate from the robbery

Resource Based View (RBV): Advantages and Disadvantages

Resource Based View (RBV): Advantages and Disadvantages This report reviews the empirical studies of the resource based view (RBV) and examines the benefits and limitations of RBV as the best strategy route in the developing a firms strategy. By having a clear and focused strategic intent, it mobilises an organisation towards achieving the desire position. Firm would be able to achieve sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) by analysing its internal and external environment using the RBV and Porters industry analysis (IA) respectively, The significant of RBV is through an understanding of the relationships between resources, capabilities, competitive advantage, and economic rent. The RBV identified characteristics of advantage-creating resources such as value, rarity, imitability and Organisation (Clulow et al, 2007; Barney, 1991). In contrast, Porters IA focuses on lower cost and product differentiation in achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Despite the conflicting issues, the RBV has examined issues and new directions that will help to clarify the value and boundaries by integrating with Porters industry analysis. Porters framework and the RBV of the firm essentially perceived the primary role of strategy in attaining a SCA (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). Thus, both frameworks are complementary as they emphasised in different dimensions of strategy (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). (183 Words) Introduction The RBV is one of the contemporary strategic management concepts to develop a firms strategy. The objective of this report is to accept or reject the contention that RBV analysis has a strong relationship with firms performance in attaining a SCA. This report reviews the literature on competitive advantage and firm performance. It is divided into five main components. The first section summarizes the literature on competitive advantage from two viewpoints, the RBV and Porters IA. The second section discusses on the strengths of the RBV in reviews with the literature on strategic intent, threshold resources, capabilities, competitive advantage, core competencies, SCA and VRIO. The third section illustrates Porters IA in reviews with cost, differentiation, and market focus. The fourth section deliberates the criticisms of the RBV. The fifth section illustrates how researchers have overcome some of these boundaries. It reviews an integration of the RBV and Porters IA in the proposed model of core competencies, competitive advantage and firm performance (Chabert J. M., 1998) (165 Words) The Resource Based View of the Firm Thompson et Al (2010) point out that RBVÂ  [1]Â  uses a companys VRIOÂ  [2]Â  strengths and competitive capabilities to deliver value to customers in an approach that rivals find it difficult to imitate. The RBV emphasises on the internal capabilities of an organisation in formulating strategy to achieve SCAÂ  [3]Â  in its markets and industries (Henry, 2008). It holds that firms can earn sustainable abnormal returns if and only they have superior resources and its protected by an isolating mechanism preventing their diffusion throughout the industry (Value Based Management.net, 2011). The Resourced Based View Assumptions The RBV assumed that resources are diversity and immobility (Barney, 1991; Mata et al, 1995). According to Mata et al. (1995), resource diversity concerns whether different firms possess bundles of different resources and capabilities; while resource immobility refers to a resource is difficult to obtain by competitors because the supply is inelastic or costly. These two assumptions can be used to determine whether an organisation is able to create a SCA by providing a framework to determine whether a process or technology provides a real advantage over the marketplace (Brown, 2007). Thus, the RBV tends to focus on the types of resources and the characteristics of these resources that make them strategically important. The RBV as the best strategy route in developing a firms strategy Today managers are moving manufacturing offshore to lower costs of labour, streamlining product lines to capture global scale economies, instituting quality circles and JITÂ  [4], and adopting Japanese human resource practices (Hamel and Prahalad 1989). It was believed that the application of concepts like strategic fit (between resources and opportunities), generic strategies (low cost, differentiation and market focus) and the strategy hierarchy (goals, strategies, and tactics) have often aided the process of CAÂ  [5]Â  (Hamel and Prahalad 1989; Andrews, 1971). Most companies have approached competitor analysis that concentrates on the existing resources like human, technical and financial of current competitors. Whereas, companies are only aware to the resources that able to increase the future margins and market share as their primary threat. There are few Japanese companies possessed RBV, manufacturing volume or technical competence of U.S. and European leaders. For instance, Canons first halting steps in reprographics business looked very small compared with the $4 billion Xerox powerhouse (Hamel and Prahalad 1989). Strategic Intent In addition, strategic intent envisions a desired leadership position and establishes the criterion of adding value to the RBV of the organisation, for instance, Komatsu set out to encircle Caterpillar (Hamel and Prahalad, 1989). The concept emphasises on an active management process that involved focusing the organisations attention on the principle of winning. For example, the Apollo program where landing a man on the moon ahead of the Soviets was as competitively focused as Komatsus drive against Caterpillar. It also motivates people through shared value, enabled individual and team opinions, sustaining enthusiasms as environments change and using intent consistently to guide allocation of resources (Hamel and Prahalad, 1989). Barney (1991) and Peteraf (1993) point out that a firm is said to enjoy superior performance comparative than its competitor when the firm can produce economically and higher customer satisfaction, thus empowered them to attain CA. Whereas, Porter (1985) defined CA as the ability to earn returns on investment consistently above the average for the industry by focusing on the companys external competitive environment and how they position themselves against that structure (Halawi L. A., Aronson J. E, and McCarthy R. V., 2005). In contrast, the RBV of strategy points not to industry structure but to the unique cluster of RCÂ  [6]Â  that each organisation possesses (Henry, 2008; Collis and Montgomery 1995; Stalk et al, 1992). Firms Outperform and Maintain Competitive Advantage The Benefits of RBV RBV is best applied for the assessment of a firms existing resource portfolio or when exploiting the firms resources to move into new product markets (Sheehan and Foss, 2007; Barney 2001; Penrose 1959). There are two essential reasons for using the RC as a substance to its strategy. It provides a direction for firms strategy and they are the primary source of return for the firm. The RBV perceives the value derived from management skills, information capabilities, and administrative processes as scarce factors that able to generate economic rents (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). Firms as bundle of Resources Threshold resources are defined as the unique combination of assets and capabilities within a firm that enable firms to develop and implement strategies to meet customers minimum requirements and to improve its overall performance (Scholes J. G., and Whittington, R., 2008). It can be classified as either tangible or intangible resources. Tangible resources refer to the physical assets that a firm possesses. In order to add value, these physical resources must be capable to respond to marketplace changes. Intangible resources comprise of human and organisational capitals. It may be embedded in cultures and practices that have developed over time within the organisation (Henry, 2008). It involves knowledge based economy, the tacit knowledge and specialist skills of many employees which are difficult for competitors to imitate (Henry, 2008). Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) classified knowledge as explicit and tacit. A communication that can be readily transferred is known as an explicit knowledge; hence, it requires protection like copyright. While, tacit knowledge is discovered through its application and acquired through practices such as beliefs and perspectives and cannot be codified (Henry, 2008). RBV and Organisational learning The RBV stresses the significance of developing and enhancing those resources that are distinctive as distinctive capabilities (Olavarrieta and Ellinger, 1997). Ten3 Business e-Coach (2001) defined capabilities as the capacity for a set of resources to interactively perform a business process. Capability is a source to SCA as it is based on organisational routines and processes that are socially complex, knowledge-based and difficult to imitate. A firm is able to possess dynamic and operational capabilities, where dynamic capabilities are defined as those processes that allowed the firm to change its resources based on techniques to meet the differences in strategic and competitive challenges (Zubac et al, 2010; Helfat et al, 2007). The perception of a dynamic capability was developed to expound why some firms have been able to outperform their competitors over long periods of time and despite significant changes in the marketplace (Teece et al, 1997). It is specific and identifiable processes involved conceptualisation, product development and strategic decision making (Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000, p. 1105). Conversely, an operational capability is the firms capacity to combine, assemble and deploy the firms assets using pre-determined activities, routines, processes and the skills of its employees to make goods and services that are a source of potential profits to the firm available to its customers (Spanos and Lioukas, 2001). However when a firm is adopting a differentiation strategy, they would focus on new product development, whereas a firm which implementing low cost strategy would focus on improving manufacturing process efficiency (Henry, 2008). Capabilities are not built in short period; they are dependent on employees, knowledge based, understanding of the marketplace and customers requirements and operations (Olavarrieta and Ellinger, 1997). The Competitive Advantage of RBV Competitive advantages and disadvantages in resources are equivalent to strengths and weaknesses respectively, which stimulate cost and differentiation advantages or disadvantages in competitive product markets (Valentin K. E., 2001). When an organisation implements a value creating strategy where it is not implement by the rivals then it is said to have CA (Halawi L. A., Aronson J. E, and McCarthy R. V., 2005; Barney, 1991). CA can be created in various methods through size, location and accessibility to resources (Halawi L. A., Aronson J. E, and McCarthy R. V., 2005; Ghemawat, 1986). The CA gained by these RC is then reflected in superior performance of the firm in financial terms such as higher profits, increased sales or market share (Clulow et al, 2007; Hunt and Morgan, 1995; Collis and Montgomery, 1995; Fahy, 2002; Wilcox-King and Zeithaml, 2001). The Competencies of an Organisations Henry (2008) evaluated competency as the internal capabilities that firms require in order to be able to compete in the marketplace. In addition, Zubac et al (2010) defined CCÂ  [7]Â  as the collective learning of individual members within the firm and their ability to work across organisational frontiers. Prahalad and Hamel (1990, p. 82) stated that: The skills that together constitute core competence must coalesce around individuals whose efforts are not so narrowly focused that they cannot recognise the opportunities for blending their functional expertise with those of others in new and interesting ways. Thus, a CC or strategic capability can be thought as a collection of features that a firm possesses which enables them to achieve CA. Honda and BMW are examples of the organisations that have achieved CC in a way they configure their value chain respectively (Henry, 2008). RBV and Sources of Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) Barney (1991) suggested that there can be heterogeneity or firm-level differences among firms that enabled them to attain SCA. Ten3 Business e-Coach (2001) describes SCA as the continued benefit when an organisation is implementing a value-creating strategy that is not being implemented by potential competitors and incapable to imitate the benefits of this strategy. Therefore, the RBV emphasises on strategic choice, structuring the management of the firm with the important task of identifying, developing and deploying RC to maximise returns (Value Based Management.net, 2011). Bharadwaj et al (1993) propose a framework of SCA for a firm is derived from the RC of the firm. The extent of the service firms SCA is essentially determined by the degree of imitability inherent in the firms resources. Kerin et al (1992) presented an integrative framework of the literature on first mover advantage, suggesting that the realisation of SCA, through market pioneering, is contingent on the resources that a firm possesses (Olavarrieta and Ellinger, 1997). Strategic resources and Superior performances As a source of CA, RC must have four attributes which is VRIO in order to outpace others. A resource must be valuable as it empowers the firm to perceive or implement strategies that enhance its efficiency and effectiveness through lower costs and incline of revenue (Ecofine, 2010). Substitutability states that there must be no strategically equivalent valuable resources that can be exploited to implement the same strategies (12manage, 2008). For instance, Wal-Mart sells most of the same merchandise as its major competitors, but the effectiveness and innovation of its logistics system ensures that it is the market leader in the industry. Wal-Marts valuable and imitability point-of-purchase inventory control systems and cross-docking distribution plants have resulted in competitive advantage relative to its major competitors (Olavarrieta and Ellinger, 1997; Barney, 1995). Porters Framework Porters Industry Analysis Porter (2008) illustrates CA as an understanding of industry structure that guides managers toward productive possibilities for strategic action that includes positioning the company to be better cope with the current competitive forces, anticipating and exploiting shifts in the forces, and shaping the balance of forces to create a new industry structure that is more favourable to the company. There are three sources that is irreproducible, for instance, market structure that limits entry, a companys history which by definition will require time to imitate and tacitness in relationships refers to the routines and behaviours which cannot be imitate since the organisations themselves are unsure how they work (Henry, A., 2008). Porters mentioned that there are only two generic studies to compete either through low cost or product differentiation that lead to superior performance (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). To assist managers in understanding, improving, and implementing a low cost or differentiation strategy, Porter (1985) developed the value chain framework; it is a generic activity that is used to decompose the firm into the individual activities it undertakes to create value for the customer (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). Economies of Scale Cost leadership is achieved through the aggressive pursuit of economies of scale, product and process simplification, and significant market share that empower companies to exploit experience and learning effects (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). Dell being one of the organisation are protected by scale economies in their direct-sales method, efficient lean-manufacturing approach, expertise in logistics and supply-chain management. Hence, these capabilities provide it with CA and which its competitive incapable to imitate (Henry, 2008). Differentiation and Core Competencies It requires firm to differentiate for creating a product that customer perceives as highly valuable and distinctive (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). The first-mover advantage refers to firms which benefit from the learning and experience they acquire as a result of being first in the marketplace like Toyota has achieved CC in the production of petrol-and-electric hybrid cars (Henry, 2008). Hence, a CC should provide access to a diversity markets, make significant contribution to perceived customer benefits of the end products and difficult to imitate. Honda is one of the organisations that focuses on the technical excellence of 4-cycle engines, have facilitated it to leverage its CC to compete in markets from motorcycles to automobiles to a broad range of gasoline-engine products (Grant, M. R., 2001). Market focus Strategy can be viewed as building defences against the competitive forces or discovering the weakest forces in the industry. For instance, Paccar, a firm with heavy-truck market, has chosen to focus on owner-operators group of customers. They have customised the value chain to work immensely with the forces in the segments. Thus, Paccar has earned a long-run return on equity (Porter, 2008). Criticisms RBV Implications The RBV of the firm is a contemporary theory that provides insights on both strategic and organizational issues. An often-recurring critique on the RBV is that its core logic contains circular reasoning in the specification of the relationship between rents and resources (Truijens, 2003). It resulted based on the assumptions of firm heterogeneity and economists preference (Truijens, 2003). Rents are frequently used as firms critical resources which acknowledged by comparing successful firms with unsuccessful firms (Truijens, 2003; Mosakowski et al., 1997, p.2). The RBV also emphasises on the role of human capital in the creation of CA, which at the same time caused issues for accountants in terms of total business and intangible asset valuation (Toms, 2010). Accountants equally are concerned with controls which prevent misappropriation of resources that ultimately are shareholders property. Thus, a theory of value also needs to be accountability (Toms, 2010). Conclusion Porterian thoughts on value chain activity actually ways in which to configure and coordinate internal RC in various ways to achieve value at every stage until it results in SCA, and ultimately, achieving strategic intent, i.e. a desired leadership position. Porters value chain model was a contribution that helps complement his views on strategic positioning and CA. His views on analysing the industry five forces and selecting one of the generic strategies ultimately require the firm to look into its value chain activities. If, for example, the goal is to achieve cost leadership, then every activity, resource and capability in the value chain will be configured, coordinated, combined and utilized in such a way as to bring down costs and achieve greater productivity and higher profit. The strategic intent may be to attain no. 1 position. But cost leadership as a generic choice becomes the driver that guides all RC decisions and activities in the value chain. Activity-based drivers and RBV has many similarities, both influence a firms cost and differentiation position, and both need managerial involvement in a way that drivers must be made controllable, while resources must be organised (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). Although these frameworks have often been presented as conflicting views; they can contribute greatly to the development of a strong business strategy. By integrating these frameworks, it enables activity-based view solves implementation issues that are unresolved when using the RBV (Sheehan and Foss, 2007; Barney and Arikan, 2001). It enhances many of the individual weaknesses of the two views. The activity-based view is weak in its assumptions about factor markets, which would be addressed by the RBV (Sheehan and Foss, 2007; Teng and Cummings, 2002). Thus, Porters IAÂ  [8]Â  remains crucial and the choice should not be seen as one of either but rather one of complementarity.

The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry :: Environment, Toxic Waste Affluents

The Indian pharmaceutical industry has fast growing at the rate of 14 percent per year [Indian brand equality foundation, 2009] and its ranks is very high in the third world, in terms of technology, quality and range of medicines manufactured. A rapid expansion and sophistication of chemical and pharmaceutical industries has increased the amount and complexity of toxic waste effluents. The effective removal of substances included in pharmaceutical effluents is a challenging task due to the wide variety of Chemicals produced biological products ,medicinal chemicals , botanical products in drug manufacturing plants such as analgesic, antibiotics, antidepressants, antidiabetics, contracepes, growth regulators, drugs, painkillers, and tranuilizers (Robinson et al., 2007; Ghauch et al., 2009) which lead to wastewaters of variable compositions into natural systems and consequent degradation of the environment (Mehta, G at al.1995). The effluent generated from these industries is typi cally toxics, colored, organic and turbid with high suspended solids. This in turn has led to an increase in various kinds of diseases. For example many organic compounds that are recalcitrant in nature are produced while manufacturing pharmaceutical products, while most of them that are poorly degradable are released in effluent. And sometimes formation of N-nitrosamines, a possible carcinogen in stomach another issue of ecological concern is causing of algal blooms or eutrophication in water bodies (Chih-Hsiang Liao et al., 2003). The pharmaceutical effluents were treated by traditional techniques such as ï ¬â€šocculation, coagulation, conventional biological treatment, ï ¬ ltration, reverse osmosis, precipitation ,incineration, and triple effect evaporator because of high TDS. In these approaches, the pollutants are transferred from a liquid phase to a solid phase (Takaoka et al., 2007), and also facing corrosion problems. A biological treatment is highly effective for the re moval of most contaminants, however biodegradation processes are inherently slow and do not allow for high degrees of removal. The sludge formed during biological treatment has to be disposed either by land filling or burning, which increases considerably the running costs. In addition, sludge disposal may pose further environmental problems.( Noelia Barrabes et al., 2011) In this sense, catalytic process appears as the most promising technology. Current pharmaceutical industry were practicing triple effect evaporate for treatment of high dissolved solids, in these route high amount of sludge is generated and also high amount of steam required. Now a day the researchers are mainly focus on the eco-friendly and economically viable technologies are much desirable in these days. The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry :: Environment, Toxic Waste Affluents The Indian pharmaceutical industry has fast growing at the rate of 14 percent per year [Indian brand equality foundation, 2009] and its ranks is very high in the third world, in terms of technology, quality and range of medicines manufactured. A rapid expansion and sophistication of chemical and pharmaceutical industries has increased the amount and complexity of toxic waste effluents. The effective removal of substances included in pharmaceutical effluents is a challenging task due to the wide variety of Chemicals produced biological products ,medicinal chemicals , botanical products in drug manufacturing plants such as analgesic, antibiotics, antidepressants, antidiabetics, contracepes, growth regulators, drugs, painkillers, and tranuilizers (Robinson et al., 2007; Ghauch et al., 2009) which lead to wastewaters of variable compositions into natural systems and consequent degradation of the environment (Mehta, G at al.1995). The effluent generated from these industries is typi cally toxics, colored, organic and turbid with high suspended solids. This in turn has led to an increase in various kinds of diseases. For example many organic compounds that are recalcitrant in nature are produced while manufacturing pharmaceutical products, while most of them that are poorly degradable are released in effluent. And sometimes formation of N-nitrosamines, a possible carcinogen in stomach another issue of ecological concern is causing of algal blooms or eutrophication in water bodies (Chih-Hsiang Liao et al., 2003). The pharmaceutical effluents were treated by traditional techniques such as ï ¬â€šocculation, coagulation, conventional biological treatment, ï ¬ ltration, reverse osmosis, precipitation ,incineration, and triple effect evaporator because of high TDS. In these approaches, the pollutants are transferred from a liquid phase to a solid phase (Takaoka et al., 2007), and also facing corrosion problems. A biological treatment is highly effective for the re moval of most contaminants, however biodegradation processes are inherently slow and do not allow for high degrees of removal. The sludge formed during biological treatment has to be disposed either by land filling or burning, which increases considerably the running costs. In addition, sludge disposal may pose further environmental problems.( Noelia Barrabes et al., 2011) In this sense, catalytic process appears as the most promising technology. Current pharmaceutical industry were practicing triple effect evaporate for treatment of high dissolved solids, in these route high amount of sludge is generated and also high amount of steam required. Now a day the researchers are mainly focus on the eco-friendly and economically viable technologies are much desirable in these days.

Old Town Embark in Australia Essay

1.0 Introduction of business in Malaysia Old Town White Coffee business is chosen for implementing its subsidiaries in other country through globalization. The store itself as a restaurant selling food and beverages are focused, but not their products of instant coffee (although the product will be sold in Australia in the store too, but the store is what we should focus on). Old Town White Coffee is established and incorporated in 1999 but opened its first chain of outlets in 2005. The business is always in leading position after its success and in 2012 it is still proudly the biggest â€Å"kopitiam† restaurant in Malaysia (Old Town, 2013). â€Å"Kopitiam† can be defiend as a coffee shop which the word kopi is a Malay word that has the meaning of coffee while the word tiam is the Hokkien dialect word for a shop. The outlets of Old Town White Coffee are based on the traditional Ipoh coffee shop setting. The business expanded rapidly in the years and its outlets are available in nationwide Malaysia including all the states. Each state has lots of outlet and mainly the most of them is Penang, followed by Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. Later it expands to the stores in both Singapore and Indonesia. In 2009, there are around 1348 over retail outlets available in Malaysia, 550 in Singapore and 2100 in Hong Kong (Old Town, 2013). Old Town White Coffee operates mainly in selling coffee such as Nayang Kopi O and Nayang Kopi C and most importantly its signature drinks Ipoh White Coffee, but the business is also available in other beverages that are common in Malaysia such as Old Town White Milk Tea, Old Town Cham and Old Town Enriched Chocolate. Other than the beverages, there are some classic dishes like Old Town Nasi Lemak Special, Mee Java, Old Town Mee Hoon, Dry Curry Mee, Old Town Assam Laksa, Old Town Lum Mee, Old Town Ipoh Chicken Hor Fun and etc (Old Town, 2013). There are some local favorites and sweet delight such as Kaya and Butter toast and Old Town Signature Ice Cream. These food and beverages are all local food and beverages that are popular among the Malaysians. Old Town White Coffee can be said as successful as it grow from a small business to a large corporation nowadays, and it is well known in Malaysia. Since the market in Malaysia is matured it should have try to expand its business in the other countries and it is proved in both Singapore and Indonesia by its revenue and time they survived. Old Town White Coffee is well prepared to access to the world through globalization and try to dominate the market available to them. 2.0 PESTLE factors of country selected Pestle factors is a framework of macro-environmental factors which to be used in strategic management environmental scanning component. Political factor, economic factor, social factor, technological factor, environmental factor is included in Pestle (Byars, 1991). 2.1 Political factor The factor includes understanding about the political system, and some key figures that are relevant to government indicators and the business in the country (Jan, 2002). Trading policies in Australia with its neighbor countries is good and in favorable condition. Pressure groups in Australia will let new business to consider and practice Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics. Australia political environment can be consider as sound as it does not involve in any form of war inside or outside the country. Besides, the government of Australia is work in the policy that encourage international businesses to invest in. Political environment in Australia is sound, as there are voting elections held in every 3 years (Australia profile, 2007). However when new government is formed there might be revising the regulations of business. 2.2 Economic factor The factor provides understanding about the economic story of the country that gives significant macro-economic issues a balanced assessment (Jan, 2002). In Australia the economy is facing a recession, with 2-3% inflation rate and approximately 6% unemployment rate. Sales tax, progressive income tax, corporate tax rate and etc are implied on Australia. It is very competitive for the corporate tax rate in Australia comparing to some major economies. The climate in Australia is pleasant and favorable for businesses. Other than that, Australia trade focused more in Asia and some pacific countries. The interest rate in Australia is approximately 3% and is favorable for investors as the business can be finance in a lower cost. 2.3 Social factor The factor deals with customer demographics involves income distribution, healthcare, educational scenario, rural-urban segmentation and centers of affluence (Jan, 2002). The media in Australia has a great impact on the people’s life.99% of the population in Australia is educated. Quality goods are more favorable among them as they are all highly educated. Religious are pretty diversified in Australia and there is a small percentage of them do not take beef, and small percentage of them is vegetarians. Other than that there is also Muslim that does not take pork. Furthermore, the Australian has high buying power which is good for trading over there (Australia profile, 2007). 2.4 Technological factor The factor enables understanding of strategic information on technological laws and policies, patents, technology and telecom, technological gaps and opportunity sectors in the country (Jan, 2002). There is a number exceeding $30 million of current value of intellectual property in Australia (Australia profile, 2007). The transportation infrastructure of Australia is well formed in the country and the business can serve their customer in a best way through transportation. 2.5 Legal factor The factor enables study of legal structure, laws to start a business, corporate laws and the tax regime (Jan, 2002). Australia Law system is not binding but influential to each other. Law is passed by the Parliaments and both common law and equity, and constitutional and statute law are used. There are Australia copyright law and Australian contract law which governed the businesses trading in Australia. 2.6 Environmental factor The factor is considering the country’s performance on environmental policies and indicators (Jan, 2002). Australia is a country that supports environmental protection. When the business is operated in Australia, there should be assumption of no negative impact on the environmental issues and Australia campaign regarding environmental issues should be supported. 3.0 Benefits, Cost and Risks in the business endeavor To invest a business, there are always benefits the business can earn and there are also costs whether high or low the business has to pay off. When there is an investment of business there are always risks associated with. The benefits of implementing Old Town stores in Australia involves providing food and beverages that are local, Malaysian style to those students who are studying in Australia, or some Malaysian that has immigrated to Australia. Instead of Malaysian, Singaporean, Indonesian and Bruneian are also widely available in Australia. They always seek Chinese foods that are unavailable in Australia but in the only street, Chinatown. Opening stores in Australia will definitely have a pleased welcome of them. Other than that, through this the culture in Malaysia, the local delights of Malaysia can be spread to Australia through this method. As there are the needs from those students and immigrated Malaysian, Singaporean, Indonesian and Bruneian, opening Old Town stores in Australia will make profit. However, the costs of opening stores of Old Town White Coffee in Australia is not cheap as there are a need of large capacity for the resources including raw materials, labor forces, and etc. Moreover, the raw materials and labor forces in Australia is not cheap therefore the costs is highly expensive. Other than that, Old Town White Coffee has exported its 3 in one instant Old Town White Coffee worldwide therefore in this time they have to implement their store which is the restaurant selling food. This made them cannot have it to be done exporting but the other form of method of entry. This made the costs higher. When there are higher costs there are always associated with higher risks. However, a higher risk always gives a higher return. Investments are like gambling all the time. There should have appropriate strategic management assessing all the risks and see whether it is worth it to invest. It is definitely worth it to invest when there are already customer sources. However, the people are distributed in various places, to cut cost there have to be less opening of stores and this will make the people cannot access to the stores and therefore less customers. Other than that, the Australian might not like Old Town food and beverages due to different tastes. 4.0 Proposed Method of Entry The proposed mode of entry is the types of entry modes that to enter into foreign market which is spilt up to two major types of entry modes which are equity and non-equity mode. Equity modes involve joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries while non-equity modes involve export and contractual agreements. The entry methods are not similar and differ in degree of risk they present, the resource commitment and control they required and the investment return they promise (Agarwal & Ramaswami, 1992). The decision on what method chosen to enter a foreign will have a significant impact on the results therefore it should be careful when doing the selections. As it is a restaurant and cafà © based store it is impossible for Old Town White Coffee to enter the Australia market through exporting. There should be a try of contractual agreements like licensing and franchising, joint venture or direct investment which wholly owned the subsidiaries. In our view, as the costs are very high to invest in Australia and high risks associated in it, contractual agreement should be chosen as this method has provided the least of risks and costs other than exporting among all the choices of methods of entry. The advantages of licensing and franchising include minimizes risk and investment, having the ability of circumventing trade barriers, speed of entry, and high return on investment. Furthermore, there are low political risks, low costs and simultaneous expansion is allowed across the world. In an opposite way, the disadvantages of licensing and franchising involve lack of control of assets use, and the licenses or franchises might become a competitor later, the knowledge of the business is spillovers and the time period of license and franchise is limited. There might be wrong candidate of franchiser or licensor that ruin the business name or reputation (Agarwal & Ramaswami, 1992). Overall, there should have a use in licensing and franchising when there are import and investment barriers that are high but it is not appropriate in Australia as it is low in Australia. Other than that, there is no possible protection of legal in Australia environment which made licensing and franchising further not appropriate. However, there are large cultural distance and low potential of sales in Australia that estimated therefore using licensing and franchising is appropriated. Other than that is has to be assured that the licensee and franchisee has less ability to turn up to be a competitor. Old Town White Coffee should try joint ventures and direct investment but for cost and risk minimizing, they will have to choose licensing and franchising.

Park therapeutic recreation programs

Park therapeutic recreation programs Contextual environment This is an analysis of Berala on the Park therapeutic recreation programs. Berala Park is twenty-four hours nursing care that offers high quality services and care to clients of all ages. Additionally, Berala Park offers leisure and recreational activities. Berala Park services are categorized into three groups, which include health, lifestyle and activities (Berala on the Park, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Park therapeutic recreation programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Berala on the Park mission is to provide â€Å"optimum quality resident care delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, professionalism and individual pride.† At the same time, the Berala on the Park is dedicated to providing excellence and compassionate care services to the aging members of the society. The premise has established itself as a place where caring begins, and life continues. The main go al of Berala on the Park is to deliver a sustainable, healthy, and comfortable living environment for the aging. At the same time, Berala aims at providing a conducive environment that encompasses freedom, peace, and individuality. It is aimed at gaining new knowledge and insight into aged care so as to ensure high quality care services are delivered (Berala on the Park, 2012). Berala offers low, high, dementia, and low and high respite care accommodation services to the elderly. Low care accommodation allows the client to enjoy the freedom and independence while being cared. It provides independent choices for the client and ensures that home setting environment that is warm, friendly and sociable. High level care guarantees Gold standard level of care to the elderly by delivering quality service facilities, and comfort. This ensures the same environment is provided to the client family at the same time. High level care is designed to ensure that residents enjoy relaxing and pure c omfort of peace. Low and high respite care are a flexible service that is designed for short-term stays. It gives the exact quality services as enjoyed by other permanent residents. Various researches show that active treatment of delirium, depression and cognitive deficits caused by dementia are best treated through a supportive environment (Poole, 2000). It is on this basis that Berala on the Park introduced dementia care. Berala dementia care caters for emotional care of its residents by providing necessary care assistance. They encourage the participation of the elderly in the activities as well as providing a cheerful and friendly environment for the residents. The primary focus of Berala on the Park is to make sure that the needs for the ageing individual are catered. At the same time, it gives the client and his or her family with peace of mind in a more professional way. Rooms at the facility are designed to ensure that paramount comfort is guaranteed. Air conditioning, flat screen televisions, fridge, telephones, broadband connectivity, and most modern en-suit are provided in all rooms. The facility has a 9A Grade hospital building that is in compliance with hospital grade standards.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Berala on the Park has highly qualified and experienced staffs that ensure that the needs of all clients are adequately met. The dedication of nurses to the service of the clients makes your stay at the facility a very nice experience for yourself and your family. The residence offers amazing and stimulating activities to the residents at all times. Extensive activities program ensures that residents have fun and enjoy themselves with various activities such as bingo, bowls, concerts, karaoke, among other activities that are offered. Divisional Therapist creates full time activities that suit every choice. These therapeutic a ctivities are to encourage social interaction and cultivate a sense of belonging to the residents. Parole has well structured lifestyle that encourages residents to participate in leisure and therapeutic activities. Social and leisure assessment activities encourage individual residents input in the development of their own lifestyle care plans. These programs are maintained by divisional therapist officers. Daily Physio aide exercise programs in the residence, live entertainment, morning music, gentle exercise activities, reminiscence or reflection sessions such as nostalgia mornings and memory boxes, aromatherapy and art are other therapeutic activities that the majority of resident finds very important (Astin, 1999). Berala has improved technology for instance; televisions sets at the home interact with the call bell system, communication infrastructure such as phone systems such as call mobile and STD numbers, and new DECT phone. Berala staff also participates in activities with the residents. That such activities are all inclusive of the staff are exercises, music, and games. Other activities offered include art and craft, dancing, reading, scrabble, outings, and tai chi. Berala has a stack to this philosophy by continuously pursuing improvement their building and making rooms more specious (Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency Limited, 2009). All the workers have the skills of performing tasks. This ensures that education that is provided by the staff to the residents meets their needs. The company has a stack on its philosophy to offer quality care by intensively proper training and education of the staff. Education relating to accreditation standards is regularly provided to the staffs which usually include quality management, aged care, administration and mentoring. Additionally, Berala in its philosophy is committed to maximizing residents privacy and dignity at all times. The staffs are adequately trained to manage the resident’s priv acy by always requesting permission from the residents to access their rooms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Park therapeutic recreation programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In support of its ageing care services, the company ensures that excellent meals are prepared for the residents. The home has chefs that that develop and prepare menus that provide fresh food for the resident. Above all, meals are very nutritious and delicious with seasonal ingredients that guarantee excellent satisfaction. The dishes provided are homemade and meet certain dietary needs of different residents. At this point, its important to reemphasize the special attachment that Berala has for the aged individuals in the society. Residential aged care homes play a very important role in providing accommodation and support for elderly people in society who are unable to live independently at home. It is for the realization of these that B erala has endeavored to provide beautiful and friendly environment for resident through quality care, activities, meals, and accommodation. Assessing of individual care needs of the client The client I worked with in my program is called Betty. Betty is 80 years old retiree. Betty has not received any advanced aged care since she left Berala on the Park home in the last five years. Bettie experiences pain on a regular basis that has had a significant effect her individual quality of life for the last twenty years. The pain has decreased her ability to function effectively thereby limiting her mobility, social interaction, appetite, and rest patterns. More so, the pain seems to have changed her psychological well-being for some time now. This has left her more anxious and depressed. Betty is on pharmacological pain management strategies on a daily basis of low and high respite care of Berala home. Betty is an eloquent speaker with jovial character when a person gets used to her. What fascinates me about her is her composure and love of music and dancing. She particularly enjoys dancing to pop and jazz music and watching cartoon network. At the same time, she is a great fan of topic comic and reality shows. Since pain assessment and diagnosis is carried out for residents with dementia or severe cognitive impairment, Betty gets the much needed assistance from the Berala home. She receives a high level of care and assistance that encourage her to participate in activities as well as stimulating mentally by creating social friends. This leaves her more cheerful than before. Program implementation Since Betty loves music, dancing, and watching top comic and reality shows, the intended program for her is leisure and recreation. The activity for the client should capture her likings so as a combination her current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment can be successful. The illness caused her to be more anxious and depressed, therefore, the program is aime d at letting her recognize her that she only but her early stage dementia.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Letting her being engaged in listening to music or using imagery techniques like big screen top comic shows is inevitable in her program. This distraction will help her during painful episodes. It is good to realize that music episodes are important in reducing disrupting behavior of aggression by dementia residents. At the same time, this program requires someone who is cheerful so that my client stay active all the time. Additionally, aerobic exercises, strengthening stretching, dancing will be fundamental in pain management so as to improve her conditions as well as improving her mood and pain intensity. At the same time, the program cognitive-behavioral therapy will be vital in reducing her anxiety and depression (The Australian Pain Society, 2005). Evaluation This program is not unique when compared to other pain and dementia programs in many residential aged care homes, in Australia. This is a positive score for the entire program that my client is to undertake. Well trained, educated and experienced personnel in pain management are required in such programs due to the fact that quality services are required for this program to be successful (Warden Volicer, 2003). These professional will be required in the program because of the attention required to avoid moving few step backs in the treatment process. This program might call for multidisciplinary collaboration of the family, nurses, physiotherapists or health professional as well as care workers. The major aim of the program will be decreasing the pain of my client to a bearable level, and that is the essence of involvement of all these professional groups at one stage of the stages within the program. Education programs of the scope of the program activities will be made available on a regular basis to the staff as update of improving the pain management program (Parsons Preece, 2010). The severity of the pain will be regularly be monitored for effective treatment. Pain assessment scales can be use d in the evaluation of the pain dimension during the program. The scales are used on a daily basis so as to check the changes in severity, of the pain and check whether the treatment activities are effective and how they can be improved (art et al., 2008). It is important to note that the client will also have a vital role in the program. Betty’s individual goals are two established first and then become more honest about the treatment activities. Realistic goals of the therapy will be shared between the client and his family. Maintaining of top priority of the treatment goals will be core to the program (Steinhauser et al., 2000). Post implementation audit is also critical is checking whether the resident pain treatment program has been completed within the required time. The program is expected to have a profound improvement in the condition being faced by my client. The major challenge of the program will be keeping the progress of the program on track so as to achieve the program goals as anticipated. To ensure the success of the program and especially with regard to her favorite things she likes doing, I bought her favorite top comics and music and recommended the home on the best entertainment specification that are important in the entire process. From my interaction with her, she is a corporate woman willing to engage in activities that are likely to improve her conditions. The success of this entire program depends on the staff who will be attending to her, her corporation, which is positive alongside other factor. This program promises good outcome due to the effectiveness of the treatment activities and, therefore, very important and highly recommended to other clients. References Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency limited. (2009). Decision to Accredit Berala on the Park. Web. Astin, J.A. (1998). Why patients use alternative medicine: Results of a national study. British Medical Journal, 279 (19), 1548-1553. Auret, K. A., Toye, C., Gluck, R., Kristjanson, L. J., Bruce, D., Schug, S. (2008). Development and testing of a modified version of the Brief Pain Inventory for use in residential aged care facilities. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56 (2), 301-306. Berala on the Park. (2012). About us. Web. Parsons, G., Preece, W. (2010). Principles and practice of managing pain: A guide for nurses and allied health professionals. England: McGraw Hill Open University Press. Poole, J. (2000). Nursing Management of Disturbed Behavior in Aged Care Facilities. Web. Steinhauser, K.E., Christakis, N.A., Clipp, E.C., McNeilly, M., McIntyre, L., Tulsky, J.A. (2000). Factors considered important at the end of life by patients, family, physicians and other care providers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 2476-2482. The Australian Pain Society. (2005). Pain in Residential Care Facilities: Management Strategies. North Sydney, NSW. Warden, V. H. Volicer L. (2003). Development and psychometric scale. Journal of American Medical Directors, 4 (1): 9-15.

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Career at IT Design Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 135

Career at IT Design - Personal Statement Example I hold a bachelor of graphic design from the University of Toronto and a certificate in CAD and Architectural design. My experience in several organizations, which include POP Advertising, RAB-E-commerce Company among other New York-based companies, has given name an opportunity to develop my skills and competence. I left my last job at IT Design in search of independence in terms of seeking to establish a quality that I would be proud of, and I did an at-home painting for two years after this last job. My biggest weakness is the inability to control my tempers when it comes to interpersonal conflict. In one of my previous employment, I was once forced to leave the job without notice after a bitter exchange of words with a senior manager. I did not want to engage myself in the conflict. However, I was recalled when investigations showed that I was on the right. I would like to join a company in which my innovative mind will be fully engaged to produce quality designs and in which my skills and experience will be well utilized to help me reach greater heights.

Commerce Bank Case - research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commerce Bank Case - - Research Paper Example Secure infrastructure for financial transaction over wireless network can be possible only if the commerce bank initiates security measures through the enrollment of one-time password system and making engagement with gateway Internet service provider by establishing proper service level agreements. Moreover, the commerce banks should adhere with the international regulations and standards companies as well as governments such as Internet Retailers Association. The commerce bank case is therefore going to analyze the core problem facing banking system and better suggestive ways to curb this issue for better managerial perception in banking service operations. Introduction Service operations management is one of the exercises delivered in a management system of a given company as a supply chain that intersect business operation towards the customer and the actual sales. Through optimizing service-intensive supply, high performance service is realized. In line of business service opera tions management must accommodate any prevailing inconsistent and arising uncertain demand to eliminate flaws in business supply chain. For an effective service operation management to incur, the management should establish customer satisfaction by reducing obsolescence costs, enhancing inventory levels and minimizing technician visits through proper planning. However, balancing and optimizing service levels as well as costs delivers extensive and sustainable gain over the competitors (Clark & Johnston, 2008). Objective The objective of this case assignment is to establish the main problem facing the proper operation of commerce bank at large. However, the case study will analyze possible problems encountered during Service Operations Management within this commerce bank cases study. The level of service operations within the commerce bank has drastically been affected, leading to the need of security aspect to be taken into consideration since; the business works hand in hand with money matters and therefore the need of high profile security is needed. The issue of e-commerce relies on the computer security and Data security components for its operational service due to Privacy issue in the banking system. This translates to security issue specifically to oversee how the security affects banking system and the need for restraining this facet at large. Problem Statement The main problem facing the commerce bank in general is the issue of security incurred in its operational management. For these subsidiary branches to communicate well and do its financial transactions, security issue plays a bigger role. Communication channels become one of the vital components in this operation as far commerce bank issue if availed. The main issue in this commerce bank case study is to establish the core problem facing commerce banking system and suggest or make a clear recommendation on how this problem can be eliminated for effectiveness to prevail within the banking system strategies. Security The problems facing the commerce bank is therefore the availability of resources, the services provided by the banking system and the security on regards to online transaction processes. According to the report from the American banking system, 60 percent of the problems facing banking system has been indicated to represent security concerns while 30 percent for quality service and the remaining 10

Errors of metabolism (newborn screening) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Errors of metabolism (newborn screening) - Essay Example (CPSP, n.d.) (Rinaldo, 1988) Various findings also suggets that this disease is genetically inherited via autosomal recessive pattern. Going deep into the molecular mechanisms of this enzyme’s expression, it was found that MCAD enzyme is expressed by ACADM(alias MCAD) gene located on chromosome 1p31. Due to a point mutation at position 985 on the gene, results is swapping of an adenine by a guanine, that results in replacement of a lysine by a glutamate residue in the protein leading to onset of disease. (Grosse, 2006; Wang SS, 1999; Matsubura, 1990). Around 80% of European individuals have at least two copies of this mutation. (Wang SS, 1999). Considering high mortality rate of 20 to 25% in undiagnosed cases, this disorder was included in the list of newborn screening programmes. (Wilson, 1999) Variation in Symptoms and Prognosis The deficiency of this enzyme is characterised by symptoms such as hypoketotic hypoglycaemia, vomiting (Egidio RJ, 1989) and hypotonia progressing t o coma. (BPSU, 2006). Other symptoms include seizures, coma, residual neurological deficits. No symptoms are exhibited at birth, except for the case when newbron screening is conducted. The symptoms show up any time between teh age of three to twenty-months; in some cases, it may show up much later. Once it is successfully diagnosed, prognosis becomes much effective by administering the patient with adequate treatment regimes (Matern, 2013). Diagnosis Prenatal-testing: Prenatal testing includes molecular genetic testing that helps in early diagnosis of the disease and thus enable the parents to be mentally aware and cautious of their child’s health. The first test includes the testing of analyses that include plasma acylcarnitines, urine organic acids and urine acylglycines. Biochemical diagnoses include the measurement of fatty acid ?-oxidation in fibroblasts as well as measurement of MCAD enzyme activity in fibroblasts and other tissues (Leydiker, 2011). Molecular Genetic t esting comprises of two methods that include Targetted Mutation Analysis and Sequence Analysis. Targetted mutation analysis a.k.a Allele specific mutation analysis involves the testing of the mutations p.Lys304Glu (985A>G) and p.Tyr42His (199C>T). Sequence analysis involves the testing of sequence variants may also include other mutations such as splice site mutations, non-sense and mis-sense mutations as well as small deletions/ insertions. This method does not target mutations identified by Targetted mutation analysis. Newborn- Screening: Newborn Screening differs from Pre-natal testing such that pre-natal testing is carried out during pregnancy and before the child’s birth, whereas the former involves the testing of the child’s health condition within first few days of birth (Matern, 2013). Tandem mass spectrometry was developed by Millington et al, for analysis of acylcarnitines in blood collected from umbilical cord as well as neonatal blood. This method proved to efficient diagnostic tool to diagnose MCAD deficiency. The simplicity and speed of the method enabled its use in everyday neonatal screening of infants (Millington, 1990; Kennedy, 2010) This tool has been widely used for screening of MCAD and has proved to be a robust, efficient tool. Newborns who are MCAD deficient have higher octanoylcarnitine levels than normal individuals; this forms an effective screening test, and has helped to decrease mortality and

Social factors effecting educational attainment Essay Example for Free

Social factors effecting educational attainment Essay This essay will attempt to examine the extent to which home factors may affect social class differences in educational attainment, looking at factors such as culture, income and the nature of the curriculum with reference to sociological theories. The essay will consider these factors, mainly focusing on home factors, and attempt to conclude which if any factors have the largest impact on educational achievement. The first part of this essay will look at the home factors and how they affect educational attainment, home factors essentially define our social class, aspects like income, space per person and effective money earned per year all amount to our class in society. For the purpose of this essay we define class as â€Å"A set or category of things having some property or attribute in common and differentiated from others by kind, type, or quality† and in reference to how this is being used in this essay we have three classes in the UK, the upper class which has the highest net worth and will often contain a family legacy of money, the middleclass who are people with higher level jobs such as managerial positions in company’s and the working class which consists of people working manual, often unskilled jobs which results in the lowest net worth of the three. Highlighting the difference in terms of educational attainment when it comes to social class is important as it allows us to focus on the working class and what affects their children in school. The Youth Cohort Study found that in 1998 children who had parents working in a managerial or professional position on average would achieve a 69% rate of 5 or more GCSE’s at A*-C level compared to children with parents working unskilled manual jobs only achieving a 20% rate. (Youth Cohort Study 2002, 2006, 2008). From this figure we can see how your class affects your level of educational attainment. This essay will now look at the home factors effecting social class and thus educational attainment. Feinstein conducted research into how educational attainment was based around parental attitude and support; this was often times measured by teacher’s assessments of how much interest the parents showed. This would mean that working class children would receive less help , support and encouragement with their school work when compared to a middle class child, Feinstein argued this was a major factor in educational attainment and pointed out that working class people who are earning less in unskilled manual jobs may have to work more hours and because of the physical nature of the job may be more tired and thus not have the time or energy to attend which would give the teachers a negative perception of the parents. Douglas, Gerwitz and Halsey all argued that home factors such as poor diet, lack of privacy and lack of school resources could all play a role in determining what social class a family would be classified as and thus how it would effect educational attainment. Douglas believed that a number of factors such as size of the family which would mean less space to work in, students health; which would be affected by the diet they could afford which would be poorer in working class family’s and the amount of support they could afford would all effect educational attainment. These are all areas which will be worse off when comparing working class family’s to middle class family. Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory builds upon this idea of class effecting educational attainment and states that the education system is systematically based on the culture of the most dominant social class and thus values knowledge and ideology’s that middle class parents may enforce upon their kids and devalue the skill sets and values which a working class child might have. Bourdieu argues that the major role of education is cultural reproduction of the dominant classes which would mean that the things that a working class child brings to the education system would not be of as much value as that of a middle class child and thus they are indirectly discriminated against in terms of how teachers see their skills. This could result in students preforming poorer simply because home factors determine their social class and thus their educational attainment. We can see how home factors can radically change the educational attainment of a child when we look at Hymen’s theory that even when IQ is held constant throughout the class, the working class children will do worse than the middle class children. Hyman theorizes that this is down to the values and morals of the different classes and they would be dictated these classes by the home factors mentioned earlier so there is a strong argument that home factors drastically change the level of educational attainment that a child might get. When comparing one sphere of influence to another, for example out and in school factors to home factors we can see that they all influence students educational attainment based on class. When looking at in school factors Hallum theorized that the curriculum was written by middle class people for middle class people, this obviously leaves the working class people, who have different values and morals, at a disadvantage. When the curriculum favors a certain skill set both in terms of values, morals and general ideology’s the group which don’t have this set of skills are going to lag behind and not be valued as much, as an example this could result in a working class child who performs academically in a set which can only achieve a max grade of D at GCSE when the child is perfectly capable of attaining a B+ grade. In this example we would see the middle class child be kept in a higher set because of the values and morals in place and the lack of recognition of the strengths of the working class child. Another in school factor would be speech codes. Bernstein thought that different classes had different modes of speaking which were valued differently in a middle class school environment. Bernstein said that working class children were limited to restricted speech codes which were characterized by shorthand speech, grammatically simple structure, meaning often conveyed by gesture and slang. This is in stark comparison to middle class children who have command over both elaborate and restricted speech codes which gives me a massive advantage as they can use the restricted speech code when necessary but also use the elaborate in situations such as exams or writing practices which are looking for the elaborate speech code usage. To conclude we can see that home factors affect social class massively and thus affect educational attainment and success massively as well. Theory’s such as cultural deprivation, parental attitude and speech codes have critics but they have elements of truth which highlights how a middle class curriculum and often times middle class teachers favor middle class students and their moral and value systems they have in place, this can lead to working class children who have to deal with a home environment which isn’t as well suited to learning and education also having to cope with being given less opportunity’s despite a similar level of IQ which can result in a lower level of educational attainment.

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The Umayyad dwelling was one of the foremost clans of the Quraysh tribe. Uthman was the the third "Righteous Caliph", was the first Umayyad caliph. Throughout his tenure (644-655), he appointed and provided advantages to the members of his clan for various key positions; in specific, Muawiya b. Abi Sufyan was granted the governorship of Syria. Upon the accession of Ali to the caliphate, Muawiya denied paying him perks, and in 658 the Syrians recognized Muawiya as caliph. That year he retained control of Egypt; following Ali's death in 661, he restrained Iraq and then formally established himself as caliph. The first line of Umayyads were the Sufyanids (descendants of Abu Sufyan) who directed from 661- 684. Under Muawiya (661-680) the capital of the Muslim domain was moved to Damascus. He is credited with raising a highly-trained armed detachment of Syrian fighters which was utilised to elaborate Muslim administration east into Khorasan and west into North Africa. Muawiya furthermore commanded excursions into Anatolia starting in 672 which culminated in a failed three-year control of Constantinople (674-677). He kept the administrative organisations left by the Byzantines and Persians but consolidated his administration by appointing kinsmen to key mails. Before his death, Muawiya protected allegiance to his son, Yazid, therefore introducing dynastic succession to Muslim direct. Muawiya was the child of Abu Sufyan, the foremost of the Abd Shams clan. Most of the constituents of Abd Shams had turned down Muhammad's prophetic objective until Muhammad's conquest of Mecca in 630. Muawiya and his dad are advised to be among those enemies who were reconciled to Islam through gifts. Muawiya then assisted as one of Muhammad's scribes. Thro... ...ng Greek and Pahlavi. For all that, the Umayyads, during the ninety years of their leadership, seldom agitated off their empire's status as a mulk - that is, a worldly kingdom - and in the last years of the dynasty their adversaries formed a mystery organization dedicated to pushing the claims to the caliphate put ahead by a descendant of al-'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib, an uncle of the Prophet. By clever groundwork, this organization rallied to its origin numerous mutually hostile assemblies in Khorasan and Iraq and declared Abu al-'Abbas caliph. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the last Umayyad caliph, was beaten and the Syrians, still trusted to the Umayyads, were put to rout. Only one man of importance got away the catastrophe - 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiyah al-Dakhil, a juvenile prince who with a trusted servant escaped to Spain and in 756 set up an Umayyad Dynasty there.